Lesson 1

The term "informatics" comes from the Latin "informatio" (explanation, statement, interpretation) - information about something in the form of specific data.

Claude Shannon, the founder of the theory of information - the science of the processes of transmission, reception, transformation and storage of information, considers information as the uncertainty of our knowledge about something.

Information is a sign of the content received from the outside world in the process of our adaptation to it and adaptation of our feelings to it (Norbert Winner - the founder of cybernetics).

Information - reflection of the real (material, objective) world, which is expressed in the form of signals, signs.

Information properties

• Objectivity is the reflection of the external world, and it exists independently of our consciousness, knowledge, thoughts and judgments about it.
• Reliability - Information is reliable if it reflects the true. On the basis of reliable information, the right decisions are made.
• Completeness - if it is enough to understand the situation and make the right decision.
• Relevance - importance, significance for a certain time.
• Utility - depends on the needs of specific people and on the tasks that can be solved with the help of the information obtained. Utility is the practical value of information for a particular person.
• Clarity - should be presented in an accessible form of perception.

By way of perception, the following types of information are distinguished:

• visual - the organs of vision: the form, colour, texts, sculptures, visual signals;
• sound - the organs of the servant: music, singing, screaming, report, oral communication;
• tactile - tactile receptors: solid - soft, smooth - hard, liquid-solid;
• olfactory - olfactory receptors: sharp, caustic, odors of smoke, perfumes;
• taste - flavouring receptors: salty, sweet, bitter, sour.

By appointment, information is divided into:

• mass - contains trivial information and operates with a set of concepts, understandable to most of society;
• special - contains a specific set of concepts that may not be clear to the basic mass of society, but necessary and understandable within a narrow social group, where this information is used;
• personal - a set of information about any person that determines her social status and types of interactions within the population.

Message

Information is transmitted through messages - a sequence of signals of various nature: sound, text, images, gestures, electrical signals, etc.

Messages can be transmitted:

• from person to person;
• from person to device and vice versa;
• between devices via signals.

Information depends on how the message is interpreted (interpreted) by which it is transmitted.

In the form of submission you can distinguish the following types of information (messages):

• the text is information contained in the printed literature or displayed by technical devices in the form of texts;
• graphics - paintings, drawings, graphs, diagrams, diagrams, etc .;
• sound - speech, musical compositions, melodies, noise effects;
• numbers - sets of numerical data and signs;
• commands - instructions, orders that are passed to certain performers;
• multimedia - information formed as a combination of objects of previous species, for example, there are web pages.

The part of the message that does not contain useful information is called noise. An example of noise is a message in Japanese if we do not know these languages. We also do not raise the level of our awareness of already known information.

The storage medium - objects of storage and transmission of information. There may be various objects and phenomena, including human memory. At first, clay tablets, plates, papyri, and today - video, magnetism, light, etc. were used.