Theme 1. Information. Computing systems. Units of information. Hardware

The formation of computer science was preceded by a long historical path of appearance and improvement of computing devices.

In ancient China, about 4,000 years ago, the inventor was invented.

The Greeks and Romans began to use the abacus - counter board for about 2,000 years ago.

In 1642, the French mathematician Blaise Pascal invented the calculator - a mechanical device for performing addition and subtraction of numbers.

The German mathematician Leibnitz perfected the additive for multiplying and dividing.

The main ideas of the analytical machine were proposed by Charles Babbage in the middle of the XIX century, which showed that any analytical machine should have memory and managed by the program.

In 1945, mathematician John von Neumann showed that all computers should work on some general principles and must have devices: arithmetic-logical; a control unit; a storage device; I / O devices.

Each of these devices must meet certain requirements:

• the principle of random access to the main memory is based on the fact that the processor at any moment of time is available any memory cell, and for this purpose, it should have a name - its serial number (cell address);
• the principle of saving the program is based on the fact that in order to solve the problem, the program should be stored in the main memory, along with the data processed by this program, which makes the computer a universal device for processing information.

The first computers worked on the lamps, were cumbersome, heavy, requiring intensive cooling.

The first lamp computer "ENIAC" was built in 1945 in the United States (Alabama).

In Ukraine, one of the first computers was created in 1951 in Kiev at the Institute of Cybernetics them. Glushkov under the direction of academic Lebedev and was located in the church of St. Panteleimon (Theophany).

In the 1970s, the first mini-computers were created, and in 1975, the first Altari 8800 PC based on the Intel 8080-based 8-bit microprocessor.

In 1981 , IBM released the 16-bit PC IBM PC XT (eXtended Technology) on based on the processor 8088 (10 MB hard disk), has published documentation and software specifications, which allowed other firms to complement its hardware and software.