Theme 2. Software. Windows Ms-office. Information networks

Operating systems (OS) are software complexes that are downloaded automatically when you turn on your computer and provide the work of existing PCs, exchange data between them, organize user dialogue, detect false and non-standard situations, PC diagnostics, and more. 

The operating system is an integral part of the computer. The most common systems are MS-DOS, Microsoft, OS / 2 , IBM, UNIX, AT & T, WINDOWS 95, LINUX, etc. As part of the OS, you can select parts: command language, file system, and drivers.

Command language - a set of commands that are entered by the user from the keyboard to perform the specified actions, such as launching the program, issuing the catalog, etc.

Drivers - special programs for controlling external devices. Drivers expand the capabilities of the OS management of external devices (keyboard, mouse, printer, CD-ROM, scanner, etc.

Operating system shells

Operational shells - programs that give the user more visibility and convenient tools for working with a PC. They implement graphical or text interface, the exchange of information between applications, devices, and the user.

One of the most common was the NC shell (Norton Commander) for the MS-DOS operating system. The NC has two panels, each of which can depict the contents of the directory on the disk, the directory tree on the disk, information about the files and directory, and so on. At the bottom of the panel are shown function keys, at the top - the menu commands.

Windows Graphic Layout

Windows is a high-performance, multi-tasking 32/64-bit graphical user interface operating system. 

Windows do not require MS-DOS and have powerful and convenient configuration and configuration tools.

In 1985, the first version of the Windows shell appeared, and in 1990 - Windows 3.0, which was a great success. In August 1995, Windows-95, in 1998, Windows-98, then Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 7, ... Windows 10.

The benefits of Windows are achieved by significantly increasing the load on the hardware of the computer. A significant drawback of Windows is that it has fairly low reliability.

Scalable fonts do not contain bitmap (pixel) characters of some fixed size, but the outlines of symbols that allow you to build symbols of any desired size.

The image of characters on the screen and when printing is formed from one and the same contours in the font file - they are fully consistent with one another (the principle of WYSIWYG - what you see is what you get, which is on the screen, that and is printed).

Windows understands fonts other than TrueType, including PostScript Type fonts (Adobe Systems), which are widely used in publishing and printing.

Means of data exchange. To organize data exchange, Windows offers:

• clipboard: a memory location for exchanging data in a program or between programs in which the cut or copied object temporarily moves (text, images, files, etc.);
• Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) - the ability to use data created by other programs (for example, a text editor can use a table created by a table processor);
• Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) mechanism is an improvement of DDE tools. An application that employs "embedded" data can edit this data, which automatically triggers the program by which this data was created.

Desktop (Desktop). After loading the system, we find ourselves on the desktop, which contains various graphics objects, working tools, folders (in the name of the folder can contain up to 255 characters), shortcuts (shortcut icons), and a taskbar ( taskbar ). Standard (system) folders (shortcuts) - My Computer, Network Neighborhood, Recycle Bin, etc.

Windows Add-ons

The Paint Image Editor allows you to create and edit drawings and save them in graphics files of WMD and PCB formats. The editor has a minimal set of image processing tools.

The WordPad Text Editor is a set of tools for preparing and printing documents.

Calculator - allows you to make non-complex calculations.

Windows provides work with networks, email, multimedia.

File system

File system - a set of files and directories on external devices, as well as programs that work with them. The most commonly used file organization is FAT 32 (File Allocation Table).

As a physical file carrier, flexible, hard disk drives and optical drives are used.

Disk C: usually splits into several areas (logical drives), which may have the names D:, E:, etc. For the optical disk, the first letter after the name of the logical disk is used.

A file (from the English file - a dossier, a set of documents) is a program or an organized set of data having its name and placed in memory as a whole.

Each file has a name and its type (extension). The file name can contain up to 8 characters (except for Windows), and extensions - up to three characters. By extension, you can define its character (tab.).

Tabl. File extensions

Each file is registered in the contents of the files - the directory (directories, folders), similar to the contents of the book.

Explorer is a powerful tool for working with the file system: organizing files and folders, renaming files and folders, creating a new folder, moving and copying files and folders, and more. Explorer allows you to access documents, folders, and programs using the computer resources tree and also illustrates the organizational hierarchy of Windows.

New devices turn on virtually without user intervention (Plug & Play).